The Bristol Chart classifies stools or faecal matter according to their hardness. Type 1 and 2 stools are considered constipation.

What are the common causes for Constipation in Singapore?

There are many factors and reasons for why constipation happens; they include:

• Diet and lifestyle: a sedentary lifestyle coupled with a low-fibre diet and minimal physical activity can result in constipation. 
• Medications: certain medications such as opioids, sedatives, and anti-depressants may cause constipation. 
• Dehydration: dehydration can cause the large intestines to absorb more water from food waste, leaving you with dry and hard stools, thus leading to constipation. 
• Medical conditions: conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diverticulitis, Parkinson’s disease, lupus, and other conditions may cause constipation. Endocrine conditions like hypothyroidism, diabetes, and hypercalcaemia may also cause constipation. Colorectal cancer can also cause constipation.
• Hormonal imbalances and changes: pregnant women often experience constipation due to hormonal changes. During menstruation and menopause, the drop in hormone levels may also cause constipation.

What are the symptoms of Constipation?

Symptoms of constipation include: 

• Less than three bowel movements a week
• Dry, hard, and lumpy stools
• Difficulty and pain during bowel movements
• Abdominal cramping
• Nausea 
• Bloating
• A feeling of not completely emptying the bowels

Is Constipation painful?

Yes, constipation can be painful and uncomfortable. It may cause straining in the rectum, leading to tearing and bleeding. It may also cause stomach cramps and bloating. Seek treatment if you are experiencing constipation often or if symptoms do not resolve after a few days. 

Who is at risk of Constipation in Singapore?

Constipation is a common problem affecting people of all ages and backgrounds, including those in Singapore. The risk factors of constipation include:

• Diet and lifestyle: a diet low in fibre and fluids can increase the risk of constipation. A sedentary lifestyle with limited physical activity can also be a risk factor. High levels of stress that is left unaddressed may also lead to constipation. 
• Age: as we age, gut motility (gut movement) decreases. This, in addition to other factors such as a sedentary lifestyle and changes in hormone levels, contributes to constipation in older individuals. 
• Medications: certain medications, such as some opioid pain relievers, antidepressants, and steroids, can cause constipation. 
• Medical conditions: those with chronic medical conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diabetes, and neurological disorders may be more susceptible to constipation. 
• Pregnancy: pregnant women are more prone to constipation due to hormonal changes and the pressure of the growing uterus on the intestines.
• Dehydration: dehydration can cause constipation if not enough fluids are consumed.
• Travelling: changes in routine and diet during travel can also lead to constipation.

A healthy and balanced diet can prevent and relieve constipation.

How is Constipation diagnosed?

It depends on the individual and their medical history. In general, this is the diagnostic process for constipation: 

• Medical history: your colorectal specialist will take a detailed medical history and ask questions about your bowel habits, such as frequency. They may also ask about your diet, lifestyle, medications, and if you have any underlying medical conditions.
• Physical examination: a physical exam may be done to check for signs of tenderness, bloating, or masses. 
• Imaging tests: common imaging tests for constipation include abdominal X-rays and ultrasounds.
• Colonoscopy: a colonoscopy might be recommended if concerns about other gastrointestinal conditions exist. This involves using a long, flexible tube with a camera to examine the entire colon and rectum.
• Gastroscopy: a gastroscopy involves guiding a thin, flexible tube through the mouth and into the stomach and small intestine to check for abnormalities.
• Blood tests: blood tests may be ordered to rule out certain medical conditions that could be causing or contributing to constipation.

What are the treatment options for Constipation in Singapore?

The treatment options for constipation in Singapore typically include a combination of lifestyle and diet changes, over-the-counter remedies, or prescription medications. The treatment plan depends on the severity of constipation and the underlying causes. Here are some common treatment options for constipation in Singapore:

• Dietary and lifestyle changes: increasing fibre intake, staying hydrated, and regularly exercising can help improve bowel habits and prevent constipation. 
• Over-the-counter (OTC) treatments: these include fibre supplements such as psyllium husk, laxatives, and stool softeners to ease the symptoms and promote bowel movement. 
• Prescription medications: medications may be prescribed for chronic or severe constipation that does not respond to other treatments.
• Surgery: surgery is rare for treating constipation but may be required when other treatments have failed.

Frequently asked questions